Updated July 5, 2023: All is quiet on the mobile phone front. The mobile phone industry’s voluntary deadline for 6G deployment (2030) is rapidly approaching, but it is still several years away. Currently, the industry has its hands full with his 5G Advanced. It’s the latest in a tradition that inevitably sees tweaks after each generation of mobile phones (think 3.5G and 4G LTE). In fact, industry standards body 3GPP may not even begin coordinating work on 6G standards until 2027.
In the meantime, there’s already plenty of technical ammunition to stockpile for when the time comes for everyone to sit down at the table and discuss what 6G will ultimately look like. Since this article was first published, research has continued to extend cellular signaling into the terahertz range. This continues to be the most obvious and flashy choice for the pursuit of high speed and low latency, which is the mission of every cell generation. Like millimeter waves in 5G, terahertz waves pose many research questions beyond just “Can this part of the spectrum be used to send and receive signals?”
One important area of research that is already emerging is finding ways to create new metamaterial-based reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Such a surface would automatically react to changes in the surrounding electromagnetic environment to better transmit the notoriously short-range terahertz waves, especially in crowded and noisy places like cities. The desire to speed up wireless signals beyond his 5G also drove early research into techniques to cool new memristors and transistors so that physical network components can keep up with electromagnetic ones. Elsewhere, work continues on signal modulation and encryption for potential new frequencies for 6G.
So far, the research is still sufficiently basic and exploratory that no cause for fuss has been found. The situation is expected to change as we inch closer to 2027 and standards begin to be developed in earnest. As with 5G, companies have different priorities and different implementations, and establishing your own version still requires a lot of money and prestige. Of course, that enthusiasm will also depend on how much the industry decides to promote his 6G, after 5G has struggled to deliver on its promises so far. —IEEE Spectrum
The original article from November 29, 2021 is:
When there are wireless researchers Or telecom companies talk about future 6th generation (6G) networks, but they’re mostly talking about their best guesses and wish lists. There are still no widely agreed technical standards outlining 6G frequencies, signal modulation, and waveforms. Still, the economic and political forces that will define 6G are already at work.
And here lies the biggest drawback. Because the United States does not have a major manufacturer of cellular infrastructure equipment, the United States may not have the superpower expected to shape the future direction of wireless communications.
While many US tech giants will undoubtedly be involved in the development of the 6G standard, none of those companies manufacture the equipment that makes up the network. Companies such as Ericsson (Sweden), Nokia (Finland), Samsung (South Korea), and Huawei (China) are developing wireless units, baseband units, and other hardware that are built into cell phone towers and the wired networks that connect them. and building software.
As an example, equipment manufacturers (such as China’s Huawei and ZTE) will likely promote standards that prioritize the distance a signal can travel while minimizing interference along the way. Meanwhile, device manufacturers (such as US giants Apple and Alphabet) will become more involved in standardizing signal modulation to minimize battery drain in gadgets.
Of course, how such disputes will be resolved remains an open question. But now is definitely the best time to start asking that question.
6G is and is not yetIt’s just around the corner. time global communication conference (globe com) will begin in Madrid this December, and researchers and telecom executives in attendance will notice its characteristics. At least five workshops dedicated to 6G development will be held. Compare this to the 2020 edition of the IEEE Communication Society. 6G didn’t include anything at annual conference that couldn’t survive the pandemicrelevant beyond 4 hour summit on this topic. Furthermore, when he goes back a year, globe com You’ll definitely find it in 2019 that 6Gwas limited to one technical story.
Mobile phone standards are developed and overseen by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a global mobile phone industry consortium. Past wireless generations have integrated relatively smoothly around globally agreed standards. But early research on 6G is emerging in a more tense geopolitical environment, and the nonsense that arose during 5G standardization could now blossom into deeper disagreements.
Mehdi Bennis, a wireless communications professor at the University of Oulu in Finland, home of the 6G Flagship research initiative, says that the next generation of wireless standards is very open-ended at the moment. “Nobody has a clear idea. Maybe there’s a hint.”
Until now, 6G has been discussed in terms of applications (such as self-driving cars and holographic displays) and research interests (such as terahertz waves and spectrum sharing). So over the next few years, for example, when so-called “6G satellites” are launched, take them with a grain of salt. It’s just that someone is testing technology that could be adopted into the 6G standard in the future.
But such tests, while easily overstated and used to set precedents and score points, are still important. The reason each generation of wireless has been so successful – 2G, 3G, 4G, and now his 5G – is because each generation is defined by universally implemented standards. In other words, a U.S. network operator like AT&T can buy equipment from Swedish manufacturer Ericsson to build a cellular network, and all because it leverages the same agreed-upon set of standards. This means that it will work on mobile phones made in China. (Unfortunately, however, problems still arise when trying to combine infrastructure equipment from different manufacturers.)
5G and its predecessors were successful because of their widespread adoption. 6G still has time to solidify.
In 2016, as standards for 5G were being sorted out, conflicts arose in deciding what error correction technology to use in wireless signals. San Diego-based Qualcomm and other companies promoted low-density parity checking (LDPC), which was first described decades ago but not yet commercially available. Huawei, with the support of other Chinese companies, has invested significant time and energy to promote a new technology it calls “Polar Code.” An impasse at his 3GPP meeting in November of the same year led to the split of the standard. LDPC is used for radio channels that transmit user data, and polar codes are used for channels that coordinate those user data channels.
Huawei (and by extension China) wins the 5G development battle by successfully taking the polar code from a relatively unknown mathematical theory and almost single-handedly developing it into a key component of 5G. This led to some declarations that The implicit losers were Europe and America. This incident made at least one thing abundantly clear. That means that companies that incorporate the technologies they promote into standards will soon be rewarded with significant money, prestige, and influence.
In May 2019, of U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security adds Huawei to Entity List-Impose requirements or prohibit imports and exports of items.source of information IEEE spectrum Officials interviewed noted how the move heightened tensions in the wireless industry, echoing concerns from 2019. “We are already witnessing technology fragmentation in many sectors. If this trend continues, companies will have to develop different products for different markets, leading to further divergence.” said Zvika Krieger, head of technology policy at the forum. MIT Technology Review At the time of ban.The move diminished the success Huawei initially saw from its 5G standard victory. Rotate chairman, Eric Schuhrecently talked about the company’s mobile phone revenue. It is expected to decline by $30 billion to $40 billion this year from the $136.7 billion reported in 2020.
It is too early to say what the next generation version of Polar Code, if any, will look like, as fundamental research continues on what technologies and technologies will be implemented in 6G. . However, different priorities are already emerging in the values that companies and governments in different parts of the world would like to see included in future standards.
“Europe has some unique, or at least stronger, views on personal freedoms, data security, privacy, etc. If we want our new technology to support those views, It has to be built into the technology,” Colin said. Wilcock, chairman of the Europe-based 6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association, spoke at the Brooklyn 6G Summit in October. Venice agrees. “Europe is very passionate about privacy. It’s a very big, I mean very big, requirement.” Bennis said that as researchers build privacy into established standards, privacy will become an “after-the-fact” 5G technology. points out that it is incorporated into The European Union has previously passed laws protecting personal data and privacy, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
So how will concepts like privacy, security, and sustainability be embedded in 6G, if at all? May include differential privacy sharing dataset patterns. Alternatively, it can include federated learning, a machine learning technique that uses data sets distributed across multiple locations instead of being trained on a centralized data set. This effectively anonymizes information that a malicious attacker within your network could use for nefarious purposes. Researchers are already implementing these technologies in 5G networks, but their integration into the 6G standard will take on even more significance.
The Washington, DC-based Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions launched the Next G Alliance in October 2020 to strengthen U.S. technology leadership in 6G over the next decade. Mike Nawrocki, managing director of the alliance, said the alliance is taking a “holistic” approach to 6G development. “We’re trying to really think about what the big societal drivers are that we envision at the end of this decade,” Nawloki said, pointing to industries that have been ignored, as an example. He cited the need to connect. Wireless industries such as healthcare and agriculture.
Different regions, such as the United States, Europe, China, Japan, and South Korea, are at odds over how to define certain standards or support incompatible policies regarding 6G network implementations and applications. If you realize that global standards will eventually collapse, the worst-case scenario is that. Each country may decide it is easier to go it alone and develop its own 6G technology without global cooperation. The result is a fragmentation of wireless technology around the world. Users of smartphones in China may find that their mobile phones cannot connect to other wireless networks outside the country’s borders. Or, for example, he might not buy equipment from Nokia in such a scenario because AT&T is not compatible with AT&T’s network operations.
While this is a dire outcome, the industry consensus is that while not yet likely, it is certainly more likely than other wireless generations.
This article appears in the December 2021 print edition as “Geopolitics is already shaping 6G.”
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